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3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(内参)单克隆抗体
产品名称:
3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(内参)单克隆抗体
英文名称:
Mouse Anti-GAPDH-Loading Control antibody
产品类别:
抗体
产品编号:
BSm-33033M
保存条件:
Shipped at 4℃. Store at -20 °C for one year. Avoid
[价格]
规格 价格 库存
50ul ¥ 680.00 10
100ul ¥ 980.00 10
500ul ¥ 4000.00 10

产品详情

产品编号bsm-33033M
英文名称Mouse?Anti-GAPDH-Loading Control?antibody
中文名称3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(内参)单克隆抗体
别????名38 kDa BFA-dependent ADP-ribosylation substrate; Aging-associated gene 9 protein; BARS-38; cb609; EC 1.2.1.12; G3PD; G3PDH; GAPD; Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase;Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase liver;Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase muscle; KNC-NDS6; MGC102544; MGC102546; MGC103190; MGC103191; MGC105239; MGC127711; MGC88685; OCAS, p38 component; OCT1 coactivator in S phase, 38-KD component; wu:fb33a10.??
Specific References??(55)?????|?????bsm-33033M has been referenced in 55 publications.
[IF=13.801]?Duan Xiaojiang. et al. First-in-human study of the radioligand 68Ga-N188 targeting nectin-4 for PET/CT imaging of advanced urothelial carcinoma. CLIN CANCER RES. 2023 Apr;:??WB?;??Human.??
[IF=10.753]?Zhuoying Hu. et al. MitomiR-504 alleviates the copper-induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by suppressing Bak1 expression in porcine jejunal epithelial cells. SCI TOTAL ENVIRON. 2023 Feb;858:160157??WB?;??Pig.??
[IF=8.811]?Yamashita Koichiro. et al. Mitotic phosphorylation of Pex14p regulates peroxisomal import machinery. J Cell Biol. 2020 Oct;219(10):e202001003.??WB?;??Human.??
[IF=7.655]?Liu Jincheng. et al. WTAP-Mediated m6A RNA Methylation Regulates the Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells via the miR-29b-3p/HDAC4 Axis. Stem Cells Translational Medicine. 2023 Apr;:??WB?;??Mouse.??
[IF=6.684]?Lijin Guo. et al. Whole Transcriptome Analysis Reveals a Potential Regulatory Mechanism of LncRNA-FNIP2/miR-24-3p/FNIP2 Axis in Chicken Adipogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021; 9: 653798??WB?;??Chicken.??
[IF=6.656]?Junxuan Wu. et al. Cathepsin B/HSP70 complex induced by Ilexsaponin I suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. PHYTOMEDICINE. 2022 Jul;:154358??WB?;??Rat.??
[IF=6.656]?Ying Yang. et al. Formononetin improves cardiac function and depressive behaviours in myocardial infarction with depression by targeting GSK-3β to regulate macrophage/microglial polarization. PHYTOMEDICINE. 2022 Dec;:154602??WB?;??Mouse.??
[IF=6.208]?Liangliang Zhang. et al. Inhibition of EZH2 Causes Retrotransposon Derepression and Immune Activation in Porcine Lung Alveolar Macrophages. INT J MOL SCI. 2023 Jan;24(3):2394??WB?;??Porcine.??
[IF=6.208]?Jiawei Mo. et al. Construction and Analysis of Disuse Atrophy Model of the Gastrocnemius Muscle in Chicken. INT J MOL SCI. 2022 Jan;23(13):6892??WB?;??Chicken.??
[IF=6.208]?Rushuang Xu. et al. Plectin Downregulation Inhibits Migration and Suppresses Epithelial Mesenchymal Transformation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via ERK1/2 Signaling. INT J MOL SCI. 2023 Jan;24(1):73??WB?;??Human.??
[IF=6.208]?Meng Li. et al. CircRNA Profiling of Skeletal Muscle in Two Pig Breeds Reveals CircIGF1R Regulates Myoblast Differentiation via miR-16. INT J MOL SCI. 2023 Jan;24(4):3779??WB?;??Pig.??
[IF=6.208]?Jinqi Zhang. et al. Study on the Mechanism of MC5R Participating in Energy Metabolism of Goose Liver. INT J MOL SCI. 2023 Jan;24(10):8648??WB?;??Geese.??
[IF=6.175]?Li Kan. et al. m6A demethylase FTO regulate CTNNB1 to promote adipogenesis of chicken preadipocyte. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 2022 Dec;13(1):1-15??WB?;??Chicken.??
[IF=6.116]?Ping Gong. et al. p47 phox deficiency improves cognitive impairment and attenuates tau hyperphosphorylation in mouse models of AD. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2020 Dec;12(1):1-18??WB?;??Mouse.??
[IF=6.055]?Juan Feng. et al. Melatonin prevents cyclophosphamide-induced primordial follicle loss by inhibiting ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis and maintaining AMH expression. FRONT ENDOCRINOL. 2022; 13: 895095??WB?;??Mouse.??
[IF=5.923]?Yansiwei Cheng. et al. Simulated Microgravity Inhibits Rodent Dermal Fibroblastic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Suppressing ERK/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Jan;22(19):10702??WB?;??Rat.??
[IF=5.895]?Xixi Wang. et al. Cannabidiol Alleviates Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid-Induced Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis by Maintaining Mitochondrial Dynamic Balance and Energy Metabolic Homeostasis. J AGR FOOD CHEM. 2023;XXXX(XXX):XXX-XXX??WB?;??Mouse,Rat.??
[IF=5.652]?You Li. et al. LncRNA PVT1 is a novel mediator promoting the angiogenesis response associated with collateral artery formation. INT J BIOCHEM CELL B. 2022 Aug;:106294??WB?;??Human.??
[IF=5.652]?Haijun Sun. et al. WD Repeat Domain 43 promotes malignant progression of non-small cell lung cancer by regulating CDK2. INT J BIOCHEM CELL B. 2022 Aug;:106293??WB?;??Human.??
[IF=5.572]?Baoxin Qiao. et al. Curcumin attenuates AFB1-induced duck liver injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and lysosomal damage. FOOD CHEM TOXICOL. 2022 Dec;:113593??WB?;??Duck.??
[IF=5.201]?Chao X et al. miR-429-3p/LPIN1 Axis Promotes Chicken Abdominal Fat Deposition via PPARγ PathwayFront Cell Dev Biol.2020 Dec 21;8:595637.??WB?;??chicken.??
[IF=5.195]?Shuang Chen. et al. Melatonin activates the Mst1-Nrf2 signaling to alleviate cardiac hypertrophy in pulmonary arterial hypertension. EUR J PHARMACOL. 2022 Sep;:175262??WB?;??Rat.??
[IF=4.932]?Zhe Song. et al. Isoandrographolide inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and attenuates silicosis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 2022 Apr;105:108539??WB?;??Human.??
[IF=4.932]?Xueli Bai. et al. Regulatory role of methionine enkephalin in myeloid-derived suppressor cells and macrophages in human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021 Oct;99:107996??WB?;??Human.??
[IF=4.667]?Guo-Dong Wu. et al. Cordyceps Improves Obesity and its Related Inflammation via Modulation of Enterococcus cecorum Abundance and Bile Acid Metabolism. 2022 Mar 10??WB?;??Mouse.??
[IF=4.432]?Hongxiao Yang. et al. Hydrogen Attenuates Thyroid Hormone-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy in Rats by regulating angiotensin II type 1 receptor and NADPH oxidase 2 mediated oxidative stress. Eur J Pharmacol. 2022 May;922:174917??WB?;??Rat.??
[IF=4.155]?Quanwei Li. et al. Toxicological mechanism of large amount of copper supplementation: Effects on endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by Nrf2/HO-1 pathway-induced oxidative stress in the porcine myocardium. J Inorg Biochem. 2022 May;230:111750??WB?;??Pig.??
[IF=4.145]?Kunlin Wu. et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat in combination with rapamycin confers enhanced efficacy against triple-negative breast cancer. EXP CELL RES. 2022 Sep;:113362??WB?;??Human.??
[IF=4.115]?Yaodong Zhou. et al. Association of MicroRNA-21 with p53 at Mutant Sites R175H and R248Q, Clinicopathological Features, and Prognosis of NSCLC. Mol Ther-Oncolytics. 2020 Dec;19:208??WB?;??Human.??
[IF=4.109]?He Bai. et al. Inhibition of the BNIP3/NIX-dependent mitophagy aggravates copper-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in duck renal tubular epithelial cells. ENVIRON TOXICOL. 2022 Nov;:??WB?;??Duck.??
产品类型内参抗体?
研究领域肿瘤??细胞生物??免疫学??神经生物学??新陈代谢??
抗体来源Mouse
克隆类型Monoclonal
克?隆?号4F8
交叉反应Human,Mouse,Rat,Pig,Hamster (predicted: Chicken,Dog,Rabbit,Sheep,Monkey)
产品应用WB=1:10000-1:100000, IHC-P=1:100-500, ICC=1:100
not yet tested in other applications.
optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
理论分子量38kDa
细胞定位细胞核?细胞浆?细胞膜?
性????状Liquid
浓????度1mg/ml
免?疫?原Recombinded Human GAPDH ?
亚????型IgG
纯化方法affinity purified by Protein G
缓?冲?液0.01M TBS(pH7.4) with 1% BSA, 0.03% Proclin300 and 50% Glycerol.
保存条件Shipped at 4℃. Store at -20 °C for one year. Avoid repeated freeze/thaw cycles.
注意事项This product as supplied is intended for research use only, not for use in human, therapeutic or diagnostic applications.
PubMedPubMed
产品介绍Loading Control
Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is well known as one of the key enzymes involved in glycolysis. As well as functioning as a glycolytic enzyme in cytoplasm, recent evidence suggests that mammalian GAPDH is also involved in a great number of intracellular proceses such as membrane fusion, microtubule bundling, phosphotransferase activity, nuclear RNA export, DNA replication, and DNA repair. During the last decade a lot of data appeared concerning the role of GAPDH in different pathologies including prostate cancer progression, programmed neuronal cell death, age related neuronal diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease. GAPDH is expressed in all cells. It is constitutively expressed in almost all tissues at high levels. There are however some physiological factors such as hypoxia and diabetes that increase GAPDH expression in certain cell types. GAPDH molecule is composed of four 36kDa subunits.

Function:
Has both glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and nitrosylase activities, thereby playing a role in glycolysis and nuclear functions, respectively. Participates in nuclear events including transcription, RNA transport, DNA replication and apoptosis. Nuclear functions are probably due to the nitrosylase activity that mediates cysteine S-nitrosylation of nuclear target proteins such as SIRT1, HDAC2 and PRKDC. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is a key enzyme in glycolysis that catalyzes the first step of the pathway by converting D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) into 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate.

Subunit:
Homotetramer. Interacts with TPPP; the interaction is direct. Interacts (when S-nitrosylated) with SIAH1; leading to nuclear translocation. Interacts with RILPL1/GOSPEL, leading to prevent the interaction between GAPDH and SIAH1 and prevent nuclear translocation. Interacts with EIF1AD, USP25, PRKCI and WARS.

Subcellular Location:
Cytoplasm, cytosol. Nucleus. Cytoplasm, perinuclear region. Membrane. Note=Translocates to the nucleus following S-nitrosylation and interaction with SIAH1, which contains a nuclear localization signal. Postnuclear and Perinuclear regions.

Post-translational modifications:
S-nitrosylation of Cys-152 leads to interaction with SIAH1, followed by translocation to the nucleus.
ISGylated (Probable).
Sulfhydration at Cys-152 increases catalytic activity.

Similarity:
Belongs to the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family.

SWISS:
P04406

Gene ID:
2597

Database links:

Entrez Gene: 374193?Chicken

Entrez Gene: 2597?Human

Entrez Gene: 100042025?Mouse

Entrez Gene: 14433?Mouse

Entrez Gene: 24383?Rat

Entrez Gene: 685186?Rat

Entrez Gene: 317743?Zebrafish

Omim: 138400?Human

SwissProt: P00356?Chicken

SwissProt: P04406?Human

SwissProt: P16858?Mouse

SwissProt: P04797?Rat

SwissProt: Q5XJ10?Zebrafish



GAPDH蛋白几乎在所有组织中都高水平表达,广泛用作Western blot蛋白质标准化的内参,是很好的内参抗体。
GAPDH 作为管家基因在同种细胞或者组织中的蛋白质表达量一般是恒定的。在实验中,可能存在总蛋白浓度测定不准确;或者蛋白质样品在电泳前上样时产生的样品间的操作误差;这些误差需要通过测定每个样品中实际转到膜上的GAPDH的含量来进行校正,所以一般的western实验都需要进行内参设置。具体校正的方法就是将每个样品测得的目的蛋白含量与本样品的GAPDH含量相除,得到每个样品目的蛋白的相对含量。然后才进行样品与样品之间的比较。
甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase,GAPDH)是糖酵解(glycolysis)过程中的关键酶。除了在胞质中作为糖酵解的酶以外,有证据表明哺乳动物细胞中的GAPDH参与了多种胞内生化过程,包括膜融合(membrane fusion)、微管成束(microtubule bundling)、磷酸转移酶(phosphotransferase)激活、核内RNA出核、DNA复制与DNA修复。一些生理因素,诸如低氧(hypoxia)和尿糖(diabetes),可以增加GAPDH在特定细胞中的表达。GAPDH存在于几乎所有的组织中,以高水平持续表达。
GAPDH(甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶)是参与糖酵解的一种关键酶,由4个30-40kDa的亚基组成.
产品图片
Sample:
Lane1: Skin (Mouse) Lysate at 40 ug
Lane2: Testis (Mouse) Lysate at 40 ug
Lane3: Adrenal gland (Mouse) Lysate at 40 ug
Primary: Anti-GAPDH (bsm-33033M) at 1/1 000 dilution
Secondary: IRDye800CW Goat Anti-Mouse IgG at 1/20000 dilution
Predicted band size: 38 kDa
Observed band size: 38 kDa
Sample:
Lane 1: Rat Cerebrum tissue lysates
Lane 2: Rat Heart tissue lysates
Lane 3: Human A549 cell lysates
Lane 4: Human Jurkat cell lysates
Lane 5: Human Huvec cell lysates
Lane 6: Human Hela cell lysates
Lane 7: Human U2os cell lysates
Lane 8: Human HepG2 cell lysates
Primary: Anti- GAPDH (bsm-33033M) at 1/50000 dilution
Secondary: IRDye800CW Goat Anti-Mouse IgG at 1/20000 dilution
Predicted band size: 38 kDa
Observed band size: 38 kDa
Sample:
Lane 1~4:Cerebrum (Rat) Lysate at 40 ug
Lane 5~8:Hela (Human) Lysate at 40 ug
Primary:
Anti-GAPDH (bsm-33033M) at 1/2000~1/20000 dilution
Secondary: IRDye800CW Goat Anti-Mouse IgG at 1/20000 dilution
Predicted band size: 38 kDa
Observed band size: 38 kDa
Sample:
Lane 1: Human HEK293 cell lysates
Lane 2: Human Hela cell lysates
Lane 3: Human SH-SY5Y cell lysates
Lane 4: Mouse NIH/3T3 cell lysates
Lane 5: Hamster CHO cell lysates
Lane 6: Rat Brain tissue lysates
Primary: Anti-GAPDH (bsm-33033M) at 1/200000 dilution
Secondary: IRDye800CW Goat Anti-Mouse IgG at 1/20000 dilution
Predicted band size: 38 kDa
Observed band size: 38 kDa
Paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin embedded (mouse brain); Antigen retrieval by boiling in sodium citrate buffer (pH6.0) for 15min; Block endogenous peroxidase by 3% hydrogen peroxide for 20 minutes; Blocking buffer (normal goat serum) at 37°C for 30min; Antibody incubation with (GAPDH-Loading Control) Monoclonal Antibody, Unconjugated (ascites of bsm-33033M-4E8) at 1:2000 overnight at 4°C, followed by operating according to SP Kit(Mouse) (sp-0024) instructions and DAB staining.
Paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin embedded (rat spleen); Antigen retrieval by boiling in sodium citrate buffer (pH6.0) for 15min; Block endogenous peroxidase by 3% hydrogen peroxide for 20 minutes; Blocking buffer (normal goat serum) at 37°C for 30min; Antibody incubation with (GAPDH-Loading Control) Monoclonal Antibody, Unconjugated (ascites of bsm-33033M-4E8) at 1:2000 overnight at 4°C, followed by operating according to SP Kit(Mouse) (sp-0024) instructions and DAB staining.
Paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin embedded (rat brain); Antigen retrieval by boiling in sodium citrate buffer (pH6.0) for 15min; Block endogenous peroxidase by 3% hydrogen peroxide for 20 minutes; Blocking buffer (normal goat serum) at 37°C for 30min; Antibody incubation with (GAPDH-Loading Control) Monoclonal Antibody, Unconjugated (ascites of bsm-33033M-4E8) at 1:2000 overnight at 4°C, followed by operating according to SP Kit(Mouse) (sp-0024) instructions and DAB staining.
Paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin embedded (mouse brain); Antigen retrieval by boiling in sodium citrate buffer (pH6.0) for 15min; Block endogenous peroxidase by 3% hydrogen peroxide for 20 minutes; Blocking buffer (normal goat serum) at 37°C for 30min; Antibody incubation with (GAPDH-Loading Control) Monoclonal Antibody, Unconjugated (ascites of bsm-33033M-4E8) at 1:2000 overnight at 4°C, followed by operating according to SP Kit(Mouse) (sp-0024) instructions and DAB staining.
Paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin embedded (rat brain); Antigen retrieval by boiling in sodium citrate buffer (pH6.0) for 15min; Block endogenous peroxidase by 3% hydrogen peroxide for 20 minutes; Blocking buffer (normal goat serum) at 37°C for 30min; Antibody incubation with (GAPDH-Loading Control) Monoclonal Antibody, Unconjugated (ascites of bsm-33033M-4E8) at 1:2000 overnight at 4°C, followed by operating according to SP Kit(Mouse) (sp-0024) instructions and DAB staining.
Paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin embedded (rat spleen); Antigen retrieval by boiling in sodium citrate buffer (pH6.0) for 15min; Block endogenous peroxidase by 3% hydrogen peroxide for 20 minutes; Blocking buffer (normal goat serum) at 37°C for 30min; Antibody incubation with (GAPDH-Loading Control) Monoclonal Antibody, Unconjugated (ascites of bsm-33033M-4E8) at 1:2000 overnight at 4°C, followed by operating according to SP Kit(Mouse) (sp-0024) instructions and DAB staining.
Paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin embedded (human gastric); Antigen retrieval by boiling in sodium citrate buffer (pH6.0) for 15min; Block endogenous peroxidase by 3% hydrogen peroxide for 20 minutes; Blocking buffer (normal goat serum) at 37°C for 30min; Antibody incubation with (GAPDH-Loading Control) Monoclonal Antibody, Unconjugated (bsm-33033M ) at 1:200 overnight at 4°C, followed by operating according to SP Kit(Mouse)(sp-0024) instructionsand DAB staining.
Paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin embedded (human colon carcinoma); Antigen retrieval by boiling in sodium citrate buffer (pH6.0) for 15min; Block endogenous peroxidase by 3% hydrogen peroxide for 20 minutes; Blocking buffer (normal goat serum) at 37°C for 30min; Antibody incubation with (GAPDH-Loading Control) Monoclonal Antibody, Unconjugated (bsm-33033M ) at 1:200 overnight at 4°C, followed by operating according to SP Kit(Mouse)(sp-0024) instructionsand DAB staining.
Paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin embedded (rat brain); Antigen retrieval by boiling in sodium citrate buffer (pH6.0) for 15min; Block endogenous peroxidase by 3% hydrogen peroxide for 20 minutes; Blocking buffer (normal goat serum) at 37°C for 30min; Antibody incubation with (GAPDH-Loading Control) Monoclonal Antibody, Unconjugated (bsm-33033M ) at 1:200 overnight at 4°C, followed by operating according to SP Kit(Mouse)(sp-0024) instructionsand DAB staining.
Paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin embedded (human gastric carcinoma); Antigen retrieval by boiling in sodium citrate buffer (pH6.0) for 15min; Block endogenous peroxidase by 3% hydrogen peroxide for 20 minutes; Blocking buffer (normal goat serum) at 37°C for 30min; Antibody incubation with (GAPDH-Loading Control) Monoclonal Antibody, Unconjugated (bsm-33033M) at 1:200 overnight at 4°C, followed by operating according to SP Kit(Mouse)(sp-0024) instructionsand DAB staining.
Paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin embedded (human gastric); Antigen retrieval by boiling in sodium citrate buffer (pH6.0) for 15min; Block endogenous peroxidase by 3% hydrogen peroxide for 20 minutes; Blocking buffer (normal goat serum) at 37°C for 30min; Antibody incubation with (GAPDH-Loading Control) Monoclonal Antibody, Unconjugated (bsm-33033M) at 1:200 overnight at 4°C, followed by operating according to SP Kit(Mouse)(sp-0024) instructionsand DAB staining.
Paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin embedded (Human kidney); Antigen retrieval by boiling in sodium citrate buffer (pH6.0) for 15min; Block endogenous peroxidase by 3% hydrogen peroxide for 20 minutes; Blocking buffer (normal goat serum) at 37°C for 30min; Antibody incubation with (GAPDH-Loading Control) Monoclonal Antibody, Unconjugated (bsm-33033M) at 1:200 overnight at 4°C, followed by operating according to SP Kit(Mouse)(sp-0024) instructionsand DAB staining.
Paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin embedded (rat brain); Antigen retrieval by boiling in sodium citrate buffer (pH6.0) for 15min; Block endogenous peroxidase by 3% hydrogen peroxide for 20 minutes; Blocking buffer (normal goat serum) at 37°C for 30min; Antibody incubation with (GAPDH-Loading Control) Monoclonal Antibody, Unconjugated (bsm-33033M) at 1:200 overnight at 4°C, followed by operating according to SP Kit(Mouse)(sp-0024) instructionsand DAB staining.
Paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin embedded (mouse brain); Antigen retrieval by boiling in sodium citrate buffer (pH6.0) for 15min; Block endogenous peroxidase by 3% hydrogen peroxide for 20 minutes; Blocking buffer (normal goat serum) at 37°C for 30min; Antibody incubation with (GAPDH-Loading Control) Monoclonal Antibody, Unconjugated (bsm-33033M) at 1:200 overnight at 4°C, followed by operating according to SP Kit(Mouse)(sp-0024) instructionsand DAB staining.
Tissue/cell:Hela cell; 4% Paraformaldehyde-fixed; Triton X-100 at room temperature for 20 min; Blocking buffer (normal goat serum, C-0005) at 37°C for 20 min; Antibody incubation with (GAPDH-Loading Control) monoclonal Antibody, Unconjugated (bsm-33033M) 1:100, 90 minutes at 37°C; followed by a CY3 conjugated Goat Anti-Mouse IgG antibody at 37°C for 90 minutes, DAPI (blue, C02-04002) was used to stain the cell nuclei.

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