Each lot of this antibody is quality control tested by immunohistochemical staining on frozen tissue sections. For immunohistochemistry, a concentration range of 2.0 - 5.0 μg/ml is suggested. For flow cytometric staining, the suggested use of this reagent is ≤ 0.25 ?g per million cells in 100 ?l volume.?For 3D immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed tissues, a concentration of 5.0 ?g/mL is suggested. It is recommended that the reagent be titrated for optimal performance for each application.

* Alexa Fluor? 594 has an excitation maximum of 590 nm, and a maximum emission of 617 nm.

Anti-mouse CD31 clones 390 and MEC13.3 bind to their respective non-overlapping epitopes in IgD2 of CD31.⁸ Additional reported applications (in the relevant formats) include: immunoprecipitation¹, in vitro and in vivo blocking of CD31-mediated cell-cell interactions^1-4, immunohistochemical staining^1,5,6 of acetone-fixed frozen sections and zinc-fixed paraffin-embedded sections, and spatial biology (IBEX)^12,13.
Special Note: The antibody works well on acetone-fixed frozen sections as well as Zinc-fixed paraffin-embedded sections. It sometime works on formalin-fixed and paraformaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections but inconsistent results have been reported. This antibody is not recommended for formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections or for Western blot analysis. The Ultra-LEAF? Purified antibody (Endotoxin < 0.01 EU/?g, Azide-Free, 0.2 ?m filtered) is recommended for functional assays (Cat. No. 102529 and 102530).

Iterative Bleaching Extended multi-pleXity (IBEX) is a fluorescent imaging technique capable of highly-multiplexed spatial analysis. The method relies on cyclical bleaching of panels of fluorescent antibodies in order to image and analyze many markers over multiple cycles of staining, imaging, and, bleaching. It is a community-developed open-access method developed by the Center for Advanced Tissue Imaging (CAT-I) in the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID, NIH).

1. Vecchi A, et al. 1994. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 63:247. (IP, IHC, Block)
2. Christofidou-Solomidou M, et al. 1997. J. Immunol. 158:4872. (Block)
3. DeLisser HM, et al. 1997. Am. J. Pathol. 151:671. (Block)
4. Rosenblum WI, et al. 1994. Am. J. Pathol. 145:33. (Block)
5. Baldwin HS, et al. 1994. Development 120:2539. (IHC)
6. Voswinckel R, et al. 2003. Circ. Res. 93:372. (IHC)
7. Leung VW, et al. 2009. Am J. Pathol. 175:1757. PubMed
8. Chacko AM, et al. 2012. PLoS One 7:e34958.
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11. Ito A, et al. 2015. Brain Res. 1594:310. PubMed
12. Radtke?AJ,?et al.?2020.?Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.?117:33455-65. (SB)?PubMed
13. Radtke?AJ,?et al.?2022.?Nat Protoc.?17:378-401. (SB)?PubMed

1. Zhang Y, et al. 2018. Development. 145. PubMed
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Endothelial cells, platelets, granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B cell subsets

1. Barclay AN, et al. 1997. The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook Academic Press.
2. DeLisser HM, et al. 1994. Immunol. Today 15:490.
3. Newman PJ, et al. 1990. Science 247:1219.